Put another way, it is the voice of the storyteller. Narration engages the reader through compelling language that elicits emotion and empathy and keeps the reader turning the page. Narration is a cornerstone of novels, short stories, and some plays.
Expressive: Expressive discourse reflects the emotions of the writer. Its focus is on generating and discussing ideas, with little or no emphasis on concrete facts or attempts to persuade others of a central argument.
Works of expressive discourse are always nonfiction; diaries and journals, blogs, and memoirs are all examples. Poetic: Poetic discourse is a highly creative approach to fictional writing.
Poetic discourse emphasizes theme, imagery , and feelings. It is a central component of poetry but is also evident, to some degree, in most novels and short stories. Transactional: Transactional discourse is less of a literary approach and more of an instructional one. It lays out a clear action or plan, typically in an active voice , that compels the reader to act. Advertising and marketing writing, instruction manuals, and business correspondence are all common sources of transactional discourse.
The Function of Discourse Discourse is crucial to how readers understand the world the author is trying to create, but its function is much larger in scope than any one literary work. Discourse Outside of Literature Discourse in Rhetoric Discourse has a somewhat different meaning in the field of rhetoric , which is how speakers inform and persuade their audience of a specific perception of reality. Discourse in Semantics The application of discourse in semantics is even more complex.
Discourse in Social Sciences Social sciences and the humanities describe discourse as a formalized way of thinking expressed through language. Examples of Discourse in Literature 1. I had to make clear the relation of our individual dramas to the larger one, and our responsibility. I was never one with the world, yet I was to be destroyed with it. I always lived seeing beyond it. I was not in harmony with its explosions and collapse.
I had, as an artist, another rhythm, another death, another renewal. That was it. I was not at one with the world, I was seeking to create one by other rules…. The struggle against destruction which I lived out in my intimate relationships had to be transposed and become of use to the whole world.
The humiliation of whites only signs are gone. Rates of black poverty have decreased. Black teen-pregnancy rates are at record lows—and the gap between black and white teen-pregnancy rates has shrunk significantly.
But such progress rests on a shaky foundation, and fault lines are everywhere. Both argument and persuasion make use of logos. But persuasion also employs pathos which is "proof based on motives and emotions" Osborn and Osborn Appeals to emotions are made primarily through narratives.
For example, the story of how a young girl was raped and murdered by a registered sex offender in Florida might be used to persuade lawmakers to pass laws requiring closer monitoring of sex offenders.
Next is ethos which "assumes that people can be persuaded by the personal influence of the source of a message" In a speech, the speaker must project an impression that he is honest, sincere, and trustworthy.
He must establish credibility and be likable. If he is successful, the audience will be more inclined to accept and to act on his message. In written appeals, ethos is also important. One way for a writer to establish credibility is to be well informed about the topic and to know both sides of the issue that she is arguing. If a reader senses that the writer does not know what she is talking about, then she has lost credibility and will not be able to convince or persuade. Citing authorities and including a works cited page are evidence that the writer has done her homework and that what she says is based on valid and reliable information.
An author must also show that he is fairly representing his position and that of the opposing parties and is not resorting to the deceptions of the propagandist such as stacking the deck by presenting only one side of an issue or by attempting to discredit the opposition by setting up straw men to attack.
Osborn and Osborn describe a fourth kind of proof that can be used in persuasion. They call it mythos. Proof by mythos assumes that people value their membership in a society and share in its cultural heritage.
Mythos is the sum total of stories, values, faith, feelings, and roles that make up the social character of a people. Proof by mythos often calls upon patriotism, cultural pride, and the heroes or enemies as evidence Indeed, reading literature from our own ostensible cultures can better highlight the ways in which we think and interact. Since each piece of literature ever created is an example of discourse, our understanding of discourse is vital to our understanding of literature.
Out, out, brief candle! It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing. The function of this passage is primarily to make the audience feel strong emotion, even catharsis , as Macbeth thinks about what could have been.
The Sun never shined on a cause of greater worth. Now is the seed-time of Continental union, faith and honour. The least fracture now will be like a name engraved with the point of a pin on the tender rind of a young oak; the wound would enlarge with the tree, and posterity read in it full grown characters. In his essay , Paine lays out the reasons that the American colonies should rebel against Great Britain.
Paine relies mostly on the discourse of argument, but also calls on the emotions of his readers in this passage by asking them to think of how much territory is at stake. Paine uses literary devices such as imagery and simile as well in invoking the image of the colonies as a young oak,. In the meantime, things are getting more and more wonderful here.
I think, Kitty, that true love may be developing in the Annex. Anne Frank was in hiding during World War II for many years in an Annex in Amsterdam, and spent her time recording her emotions and thoughts in her diary, which she named Kitty. We can see that the entries are non-fiction—that is, she truly lived them—but they are creative and expressive all the same.
Running back and forth between something.
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