For the third time in this century and the fourth since , the end of a great-power conflict has caused policy makers and scholars to take collective security seriously. World War I led to the League of Nations, but this organization foundered on resentments from the war, national expansionism, and inadequate institutional mechanisms.
The United Nations grew out of the lessons of World War II but fell short of early hopes due to the emerging cold war.
Now, the end of the cold war raises the question of whether conditions for collective security are more favorable now than in , , or Yet despite UN success in the Gulf conflict, there is a widespread sense that a new world order requires new institutional mechanisms to replace those made obsolescent by the end of the cold war.
The criteria for collective security are very demanding, and the UN coalition's success in the Gulf owed much to unusual circumstances: clear aggression; a sharply perceived threat to regional and global security; and American deftness, motivation, and persistence.
The messier internal denouement in Iraq and civil war in Yugoslavia might be more typical of future conflicts. Three schools of thought in international relations theory--Realism, Liberalism, and Institutionalism--help to clarify the requisites of collective security. Their implications suggest a reinvention of the concept, a process that has already begun as observers rethink the issues in light of changed international conditions.
We then ask whether the end of the cold war and the subsequent Gulf War make it possible to satisfy these conditions and whether a collective security regime based on a great-power concert could be looser and more eclectic than was earlier imagined. We conclude with implications for post-cold war collective security mechanisms. The great powers have constructed three versions of collective security mechanisms. Such mechanisms partially centralize security arrangements by vesting enforcement of sanctions against breaches of the peace in an international though not supranational forum.
The first, longest lasting, and most successful attempt at collective security was the Concert of Europe, which helped prevent great-power war from to Although enforcement was decentralized, its members supported Europe's great-power equilibrium, shared a strong distaste for war after the costly Napoleonic Wars, and agreed to consult and take joint action in response to threats to peace.
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Search within Keywords foreign policy international relations security regimes collective security.
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